Narration
किसी की कही हुई बात (कथन) को Narration कहते है |
There are two types of narration.
Narration
दो प्रकार का होता है |
1.
Direct Narration or Direct
Speech
2.
Indirect Narration or Indirect Speech
Direct Narration: Any statement of any user is said as it,
is called direct narration.
अगर किसी के कथन को हु-ब-हु कह दिया जाए तो उसे Direct Narration कहा जाता है |
Example:-
Sohan
said, “I am singing a song.”
Ali said, “I play cricket.”
Ø Direct
Spee को व्यक्त करने के लिए हमेशा inverted commas का प्रयोग किया जाता है |
Ø ऊपर के वाक्य I am singing a song और I
play cricket को inverted commas में रखा गया है अर्थात Sohan और Ali के कथन को हु-ब-हु रखा गया है |
Indirect
Narration: Any statement
of any user is not said as it, is called indirect narration.
अगर किसी के कथन को हु-ब-हु न कहा जाए यानी प्रयोग करनेवाला अपने शब्दों में बिना Comma और inverted commas के कह दे तो उसे Indirect Narration कहा जाता है |
Example:-
Sohan
said that he was singing a song.
Ali said that he played cricket.
Ø Indirect
Narration को व्यक्त करने के लिए inverted commas का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है |
Ø ऊपर के वाक्य that he was singing a song और that he played cricket को inverted
commas में नहीं रखा गया है अर्थात Sohan और Ali के कथन को प्रयोग करनेवाला
अपने शब्दों में कह दिया है |
कुछ Grammatical Terms
Reporting
Sentence or Reporting Speech- Inverted
commas के बाहर जो sentence रहता है उसे Reporting Speech कहा जाता है |
जैसे-
He said to me, “I play cricket.”
Reported
Sentence or Reported speech-
Inverted
commas के अन्दर जो sentence रहता है उसे Reported Speech कहा जाता है |
जैसे-
He said
to me, “I play cricket.”
Reporting
Subject- Reporting Speech के subject को Reporting Subject कहा जाता है |
जैसे- He said to me, “I play cricket.”
Reporting Verb- Reporting Speech के verb
को Reporting Verb कहा जाता है |
जैसे-
He said
to me, “I play cricket.”
Reporting Object- Reporting Speech के object
को Reporting Object कहा जाता है |
जैसे- He
said to me, “I play cricket.”
Reported Subject- Reported Speech के subject को Reported Subject कहा जाता है |
जैसे- He
said to me, “I play cricket.”
Reported Verb- Reported Speech के verb को Reported Verb कहा जाता है |
जैसे- He
said to me, “I play cricket.”
Reported Object- Reported Speech के object
को Reported Object कहा जाता है |
जैसे-
He said
to me, “I play cricket.”
General
Rules
Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलने के लिए कुछ Rules होते हैं जिसे General Rules और Special
Rules कहा जाता है | जो Rules सभी Sentence पे लागू होते हैं
उसे General
Rules कहते हैं और जो Rules किसी sentence पे लागू होतें हैं उसे Special Rules कहते हैं | पहले हम General Rules की चर्चा करेंगे | General Rules को तीन भागों में बांटा गया है |
1.
Change of Person
2.
Change of Tense
3.
Change of Other Parts of Speech
Change of Person
i.
Reported Speech के First person [I, me,
my, we, us, our] को Reporting Subject के अनुसार बदला जाता है |
जैसे-
a) He said, “I
am dull.”
He said that he was
dull.
b) She said, “I am playing with my brother.”
She said that she was
playing with her brother.
c) Ram said to me, “I am with my brother.”
Ram told me that he was
with his brother.
d) Soni said, “I am busy.”
Soni said that she was
busy.
e) He said, “My brother is beating me.”
He said that his brother was beating him.
ii.
Reported Speech के Second person [you,
your] को Reporting Object के अनुसार बदला जाता है |
जैसे-
a) He said to me, “You
are a good student.”
He told me that I was
a good student.
b) I said to her, “You are a good student.”
I told her that she was a good
student.
c) Ram said to him, “You are wasting your time.”
Ram told him that he
was wasting his time.
d) I said to them, “You are dull.”
I told them that they
were dull.
e) He said to me, “You are my friend.”
He told me that I was
his friend.
iii.
Reported Speech के Third person [he, him,
his, she, her, they, them, their, it] को नहीं बदला जाता है |
जैसे-
a) Ram said, “He
is playing cricket.”
Ram said that he was
playing cricket.
b) He said to me, “She is busy.”
He told me that she was busy.
c) Jack said to James, “They are innocent.”
Jack told James that they
were innocent.”
iv.
अगर Reporting Speech के verb का object नहीं हो और Reported speech में Second person (you) का प्रयोग हो तो Second Person को आवश्यकतानुसार First Person (I, me,
my, we, us, our) में या Third Person (he, him,
his, she, her, they, them, their) में बदल दिया जाता
है|
जैसे-
a) He
said, “You are a good boy.”
He said that he was a good student.
v.
अगर Reported Speech में we, us, our का प्रयोग Universal truth के sentence में हो तो we, us, our को नहीं बदला जाता है |
जैसे-
a) Sohan said, “We are
mortal.”
Sohan said that we are mortal.
Change of tense
i.
अगर Reporting
verb, Past Tense में रहे तो Reported Verb को भी Past Tense में बदल दिया जाता
है और अगर Reported verb पहले से ही Past में रहे तो उसको और Past कर दिया जाता है | अगर Reporting
Verb, Past Tense में रहे तो Reported Verb में निम्नलिखित बदलाव होंगे-
|
Direct
Narration |
Indirect
Narration |
|
Is/am/are |
Was/were |
|
Was/were |
Had
been |
|
Has/have |
Had |
|
Had |
Had |
|
V1/v5
|
V2
|
|
V2 |
Had
+ v3 |
|
Shall/will
May
|
Would
Could
Might Would/could/might/should |
ध्यान दे- Shall को Would
बदलना बेहतर माना जाता है |
a) He said, “I am
good.”
He said that he was
good.
b) She said to me, “I was working for you.”
She told me that she had been
working for me.
c) He said to her, “I shall beat you.”
He told her that he would
beat her.
d) She said to him, “I help you but you do
not help me.”
She told him that she helped
him but he did not help her.
e) She said to me, “I was helping him”
She told me that she had been
helping him.
f) She said to me, “He wrote a letter to me.”
She told me that he had written
a letter to her.
g) He said to me, “I do not like you.”
He told me that he did
not like me.
i) He said to me, “I did not like you.”
He told me that he had
not liked me.
j) She said to him, “He was my best friend.”
She told him that he had been
her best friend.
Note- अगर Reported sentence
universal truth हो तो reported verb में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है|
जैसे-
a) He said to me, “Two and two makes four.”
He told me that two and
two makes four.
b) The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
The teacher said that the earth
is round.
c) He said, “Nobody can live without air.”
He said that nobody can live without air.
d) I said to him, “Health is wealth.”
I told him that health is wealth.
e) My teacher said, “God rules in heaven.”
My teacher said that God rules in
heaven.
ii.
अगर Reporting
verb, Present या Future Tense में रहे तो Reported Verb को नहीं बदला जाता है| जैसे-
a)He says. “My brother is
writing a letter.”
He says that his brother is
writing a letter.
b) He says to me, “You are a good student.”
He tells me that I am
a good student.
c) She says to him, “You go to school every day.”
She tells him that he goes
to school every day.
d) He will say, “I will beat him.”
He will say that he will
beat him.
e) I say to him, “You are my best friend.”
I tell him that he is my
best.
g) He will say, “I can do this.”
He will say that he can
do this.
Change of Other Parts of Speech
i.
अगर Reporting
Verb, Past Tense में हो तो Reported Sentence में प्रयुक्त Other Parts of Speech को भी बदला जाता है जो निम्नलिखित है-
|
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
|
This |
That |
|
Here |
Those There |
|
Now |
Then |
|
Ago |
Before |
|
Tonight |
That night |
|
Today |
That day |
|
Tomorrow |
The next day |
|
Yesterday |
The previous day |
|
Next week |
The following week |
|
Next day |
The following day |
|
Day after tomorrow |
Two days after |
|
Day before yesterday |
Two days ago |
|
Last night |
The previous day |
|
Hence |
Thence |
|
Thus |
So |
|
We |
They |
a) She said, “I
was going to Patna yesterday.”
She said that she had been going to
Patna the previous day.
b) He said to me, “I am playing cricket with my friends now.”
He told me that he was playing
cricket with his friends then.
c) She said to me, “He went to Darbhanga day before yesterday.”
She told me that he had gone to
Darbhanga two days ago.
d) He said, “I shall play cricket tomorrow.”
He said that he would play cricket
the next day.
ii. अगर Reporting Verb,
Present या Future Tense में हो तो Reported Sentence में प्रयुक्त Other Parts of Speech को नहीं बदला जाता है |
जैसे-
a) He
says, “I am busy now.”
He says that he is busy now.
b) She says, “I went there yesterday.”
She says that she went there yesterday.
c) Jack will say, “I will buy a car tomorrow.”
Jack will say that he will buy a car tomorrow.
Special
Rules
जो Rules किसी sentence पे लागू होतें हैं उसे Special Rules कहते हैं | अब हम अलग प्रकार के Sentences के साथ Special Rules की चर्चा करेंगे |
Assertive
Sentence
Special Rules
i.
Say को say रहने दिया जाता है |
ii.
Say to को tell में बदल दिया जाता है |
iii.
Said को said रहने दिया जाता है |
iv.
said to को told में बदल दिया जाता है |
v.
Says को says में रहने दिया जाता है |
vi.
says to को tells में बदल दिया जाता है |
vii.
Comma तथा Inverted
Commas को that
में बदल दिया जाता है |
जैसे-
a)
I say, “He will dance.”
I say that he will dance.
b)
I say to him, “I am your friend.”
I tell him that I am his friend.
c)
She said, “I am going to America
today.”
She said tha she was going to America that day.
d)
He said to me, “I like you very
much.”
He told me that he liked me very much.
e)
Taiba says, “I read.”
Taiba says that she reads.
f)
Isha says to Khusboo, “Ram plays.”
Isha tells Khusboo that Ram plays.
Exercise-1
1.
She said to me, “I had been waiting
for you for two hours.”
2.
John said, “I saw a lion in the
forest yesterday.”
3.
He said to me, “I am very happy
here.”
4.
He said, “I returned yesterday.”
5.
Ayesha said, “I can do this work.”
6.
She said to me “I was washing the
clothes.”
7.
He said to me, “I shall go to Mumbai
tomorrow.”
8.
She said, “I am not well “
9.
He says, “I am happy.”
10.
She says to me, “You are wrong.”
11.
You will say, “I was ill.”
12.
I said to me, “You were present.
13.
Radhasaid to me, “I do it.”
14.
The boy said, “I play in the in the
field everyday.”
15.
He said, “I have done it.”
16.
He said to me, “I am playing cricket with my friends now.”
17.
I said to him, “You have taken my
pen.”
18.
The policeman said to me, “You have
crossed the red light and I will challan you for this.”
19.
He said to me, “I shall go to the
market today.”
20.
He said to his mother, “Our team has
won the match.”
21.
The boys said, “We have not done
anything wrong.”
22.
He said to me, “I have got a good job
and I am fully satisfied with it.”
23.
Mother said to me, “You had promised me not to
do it again.”
24.
The officer said, “I issued the order
yesterday.”
25.
I said to her, “You are a very good
boy.”
26.
John said to Anne, “I have passed the
test “
27.
Sohan said to me, “My book is better
than yours “
28.
He said, “Honesty is the best Policy.”
29.
I say to him, “You are my friend.”
30.
The teacher said, “Man is mortal.”
31.
He said, “Blood is red.”
32.
She said to him, “You were going to Patna day before
yesterday.”
33.
He said, “Nobody can live without air.”
34.
Jack said, “My wife died a year ago.”
35.
The hunter said, “I killed a lion
yesterday.”
36.
He said to him, “You were singing a
song.”
37.
She said, “Ali, I love you.”
38.
He will say to you, “I shall buy a
car.”
39.
My mother said to me, “I can never
forgive you.”
40.
Sita said to Raghaw, “I hate you.”
41.
The teacher said to Sohan, “This is
not the first time that you have come late.”
42.
He said, “The earth moves round the
sun.”
43.
He said to me, “You can obtain good
marks if you work hard.”
44.
The teacher said to the students,
“Two and Two make four”
45.
Father said, “Slow and steady wins
the race.”
46.
The teacher said, “Knowledge is
power.”
47.
She said to me, “I was helping him”
48.
She said to me, “He wrote a letter to me.”
49.
He said to me, “I do not like you.”
50.
He said to me, “I did not like you.”
51.
He said to me, “I will leave for
Kolkata tomorrow by train.
52.
The teacher said, “Necessity is the
mother of invention.”
53.
She said to me, “I was working for you.”
54.
John Keats said, “Truth is beauty,
beauty is truth.”
55.
The teacher said, “The sun rises in
the east”
56.
The Prophet (Sm) said, “Allah is
one.”
57.
She said to him, “I help you but you do not help me.”
58.
He said to me, “You will get success
if you work hard.”
59.
The teacher said, “A thing of beauty
is joy forever.”
60.
She says to him, “You go to school everyday.”
Interrogative
Sentence
There
are two types of interrogative Sentence.
i.
Yes-No Question
ii.
Wh-Question
Yes-No
Question
Special Rules
a). Say/say to-
ask, says/says to-asks, said/said to-asked
b). ‘If’ or
‘whether’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
c). Question sentence is changed into assertive sentence.
Example:-
Direct- Radha said to me, “Is it raining?”
Radha asked me if it was raining.
Direct- Neeraj said to me, “Are you ill?”
Neeraj asked me if I was ill.
Direct- They said to me, “Can you do this work?”
They asked me if I could do that work.
Direct- Diwakar said, “Does he have a pen?”
Diwakar asked if he had a pen.
He is coming. Is
he coming.
He comes here. Does he come
He said to me, “Do
you not write a letter?”
He asked me if I did not write a letter.
He said to me,
“you wrote a letter?”
He asked me if I had written a letter.
She said to me,
“Did he beat you?”
She asked me if he had beaten me.
He said to me,
“Did he not call you?”
He asked me if he had not called me.
She said to me, “Has he come here?”
She asked me if he had gone there.
He said to me,
“Will you sing a song tomorrow on the stage? Mr. Sohan will sing.”
He asked me if I would sing a song the next day on the stage. He told me that
Mr. Sohan would sing.
Wh-Question
Rules for Wh-Question
a)
Say/say to- ask, says/says to- asks, said/said to- asked
b)
Wh-word is used instead of inverted comma.
c)
Question sentence changes into assertive sentence.
Example:-
Gautam said to Rahul, “What have you eaten?”
Gautam asked Rahul what he had eaten.
Taiba asked, “Where
is he going?”
Taiba asked where he was going.
He said to me,
“What do you do here?”
He asked me what I did there.
Diwakar says,
“When will he come?”
Diwakar asks when he will come.
Imperative
Sentence
There are three
types of imperative sentence.
1.
Order
2.
Request
3.
Advice
Order
Rules for order
a)
Said/said to-ordered., say/say to- order, says/says to- orders
b)
‘To’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Example:-
Direct- He said, “Bring a glass of water.”
Indirect-he ordered to bring a glass of water.
Direct- My father said to me, “Switch off the
fan.”
Indirect- My father ordered me to switch off the fan.
Request
Rules for request—Please/kindly
a)
Said/said to-requested, say/say to- request, says/says to-
requests
b)
‘To’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
c)
Please/kindly is removed.
Example:-
Direct- Karn said, “Please help me.”
Karn requested to help him.
Direct- Pallavi said to Anjali, “Please sing a song.”
Pallavi requested Anjali to sing a song.
Advice
Rules for advice
a)
Said/said to-advised, say/say to- advise , says / says to-
advises
b)
‘To’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Example:-
Direct- The doctor said to me, “Take medicine in time.”
The doctor advised me to take medicine in time.
Direct- Azra said to Sadia, “Help the poor.”
Azra advised Sadia to help the poor.
He said to me,
“Don’t waste your time.”
He advised me not to waste my time.
Negative Imperative
‘Not to’ is used
at the place of inverted comma when reported speech is in negative sentence.
Example:-
Direct- The teacher said, “Don’t make a noise.”
Direct- Neeraj said to Vikash, “Don’t go out.”
Optative Sentence
Rules for
Optative Sentence
1.
Said/said to- prayed/wished/cursed/blessed
2.
‘That’ is used instead of inverted comma.
3.
Optative sentence is changed into assertive sentence.
Example-
He said, “May God save her life!”
He prayed that God might save her life.
He said to me, “May you live long!”
He blessed me that I might live long.
She said, “May
Shyam die!”
She cursed that Shyam might die.
She said, “God
save him!”
She prayed that God might save him.
Sita said, “Would
that! I were rich.”
Sita wished that she were/was rich.
They said, “Long
live our democracy!”
They prayed/wished that our/their democracy might live long.
The saint said, “God give you peace and every success in life!”
He saint blessed that God might give me peace and every success in life.
He said,
“Congratulations!”
He congratulated me.
She said to me,
“Happy Diwali!”
She wished me a happy Diwali.
She said to me,
“Good morning!”
She wished me a good morning.
The teacher said,
“Good morning my friends! What can I do for you?
The teacher wished his friends a good morning and asked what he could do for
them.
The teacher wished a good morning to his friends. The teacher asked what he could do for
Sita said, “O!
that I were a queen.”
Sita wished that she were a queen.
Exclamatory Sentence
Rules for exclamation
Type-1
a). ‘Said/said to’
is changed into exclaimed with joy/sorrow/contempt.
b). ‘That’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
c). Oh!, Ah!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Fie! Fie!, etc. are removed in indirect speech.
Example:-
He said, “Fie! Fie! You are thief.”
He exclaimed with contempt that I was thief.
He said, “Ah! I am
ruined.”
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
The boys said,
“Hurrah! We have won the match.”
The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
He said, “Alas! I have cut my hand.”
He exclaimed with sorrow that he had cut his hand.
Type-2
Rules for exclamation
a). ‘Said/said to’
is changed into exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise.
b). ‘That’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
c). What/how is removed.
d) Very, great, good, big, beautiful etc is used instead of inverted comma
Ex- He said, “What
a lovely sight it is!”
He
exclaimed with joy that it was a very lovely sight.
He said, “What a beautiful girl she is!”
He exclaimed with surprise/joy that she was a very beautiful girl.
He said “How well she sings!”
He exclaimed with joy/surprise that she sang very well.
She said, “What a place!”
She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful place.
He said, “What a fool I am!”
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was a great/big fool.
The principal said, “Well done, my children.
The principal exclaimed with joy/applause that the children had done well.
Sentence with ‘Yes’ or
‘No’
Ex- He said to me, “Can you speak English? And I said,
‘Yes’.”
He asked me if I could speak English and I replied in the affirmative.
She said to me, “Did you go to Patan yesterday? I said,
‘No’.”
She asked me if I had gone to Patna the previous day and I replied in negative.
She said to him, “Will you beat her tomorrow? He said,
‘no’.”
She asked him if he would her the next day and he replied in negative.
Sentence with ‘Must’
Ex- He said, “We must help the poor.”
He said that we must help the poor.
She said, “We must eat to live.”
He said, “I must wait for him.”
He said that would have to wait for him.
He said, “Sir, May I sit here?”
He respectfully asked if he might sit there.
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